. Cherokee ( ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi ) is an endangered and the of the people. There are approximately 12,000 Cherokee speakers out of more than 300,000 tribal members. It is the only language and differs significantly from the other Iroquoian languages. Cherokee is a and uses a writing system. The dialect of Cherokee in Oklahoma is 'definitely endangered', and the one in North Carolina is 'severely endangered' according to.

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The Lower dialect, formerly spoken on the South Carolina–Georgia border, has been extinct since about 1900. Less than 5% of Cherokee children are raised to be bilingual in Cherokee and English.

Extensive documentation of the language exists, as it is the Native American language in which the most literature has been published. Such publications include a Cherokee dictionary and grammar as well as several editions of the and of the and the ( ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Tsalagi Tsulehisanvhi), the first newspaper published by in the and the first published in a Native American language. Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages still populate the in, and several counties within the of, significantly, and.

Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions, history, and language of their ancestors. As a polysynthetic language, Cherokee is highly different from English and other like French or Spanish, and can offer many challenges to adult learners. A single Cherokee word can convey ideas that would require multiple English words to express, including the context of the assertion, connotations about the speaker, the action, and the object of the action. The complexity of the Cherokee language is best exhibited in verbs, which comprise approximately 75% of the language, as opposed to only 25% of the. Verbs must contain at minimum a, a verb root, an suffix, and a modal suffix. Contents. Classification Cherokee is an Iroquoian language, and the only language spoken today.

Linguists believe that the Cherokee people migrated to the southeast from the region about three thousand years ago, bringing with them their language. Despite the three-thousand-year geographic separation, the Cherokee language today still shows some similarities to the languages spoken around the Great Lakes, such as, and.

Some researchers (such as Thomas Whyte) have suggested the homeland of the proto-Iroquoian language resides in Appalachia. Whyte contends, based on linguistic and molecular studies, that proto-Iroquoian speakers participated in cultural and economic exchanges along the north-south axis of the Appalachian Mountains. The divergence of Southern Iroquoian (which Cherokee is the only known branch of) from the Northern Iroquoian languages occurred approximately 4,000-3,000 years ago as Late Archaic proto-Iroquoian speaking peoples became more sedentary with the advent of horticulture, advancement of lithic technologies and the emergence of social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands.

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In the subsequent millennia, the Northern Iroquoian and Southern Iroquoian would be separated by various Algonquin and Siouan speaking peoples as linguistic, religious, social and technological practices from the Algonquin to the north and east and the Siouans to the west from the Ohio Valley would come to be practiced by peoples in the Chesapeake region, as well as parts of the Carolinas. A lesson at Kituwah Academy on the in. The school, operated by the, teaches the same curriculum as other American, but the Cherokee language is the medium of instruction from on up and students learn it as a.

Such schools have proven instrumental in the preservation and perpetuation of the Cherokee language. The Cherokee language currently retains between 10,400 and 22,500 speakers, being spoken by roughly 10,000 of the 122,000-member Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, by 1,000 of the 10,000-member Eastern Band of Cherokee in North Carolina, and by a high percentage of the 7,500 members of the United Keetoowah Band of Oklahoma and Arkansas. Cherokee speakers make up 17% of the total population of, and over 60% of the total population of the United Keetoowah Band. In 1986, the literacy rate for first language speakers was 15–20% who could read and 5% who could write, according to the 1986. A 2005 survey determined that the Eastern band had 460 fluent speakers. Ten years later, the number was believed to be 200. Official status.

Tsali Boulevard in, Cherokee is 'definitely endangered' in Oklahoma and 'severely endangered' in North Carolina according to. Cherokee has been the co- of the alongside English since a 1991 legislation officially proclaimed this under the Act Relating to the Tribal Policy for the Promotion and Preservation of Cherokee Language, History, and Culture.

Cherokee is also recognised as the official language of the. As Cherokee is official, the entire constitution of the United Keetoowah Band is available in both English and Cherokee. As an official language, any tribal member may communicate with the tribal government in Cherokee or English, English translation services are provided for Cherokee speakers, and both Cherokee and English are used when the tribe provides services, resources, and information to tribal members or when communicating with the tribal council. The 1991 legislation allows the political branch of the nation to maintain Cherokee as a living language.

Because they are within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area, hospitals and health centers such as the Three Rivers Health Center in provide Cherokee language translation services. Education. The Cherokee language taught to preschoolers as a, at Kituwah Academy In 2008 The instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs, as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80 percent or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The has invested $4.5 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. They have accomplished: 'Curriculum development, teaching materials and teacher training for a total immersion program for children, beginning when they are preschoolers, that enables them to learn Cherokee as their first language.

The participating children and their parents learn to speak and read together. The Tribe operates the Kituwah Academy'. Formed in 2006, the Kituwah Preservation & Education Program (KPEP) on the focuses on language immersion programs for children from birth to, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the Cherokee language among adults. There is also a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the, and. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the language through the school's Cherokee Studies program, which offers classes in and about the language and culture of the Cherokee Indians.

WCU and the EBCI have initiated a ten-year language revitalization plan consisting of: (1) a continuation of the improvement and expansion of the EBCI Atse Kituwah Cherokee Language Immersion School, (2) continued development of Cherokee language learning resources, and (3) building of Western Carolina University programs to offer a more comprehensive language training curriculum. Phonology. Recording of a Cherokee language stomp dance ceremony in Oklahoma The family of has a unique phonological inventory.

Unlike most languages, the inventory of consonants lacks the labial sounds p, b, f, and v. Cherokee does, however, have one m, but it is rare, appearing in no more than ten native words. In fact, the Lower dialect does not produce m at all. Instead, it uses w. In the case of p, qw is often substituted, as in the name of the Cherokee, Wiɣi qwejdiʃ. Some words may contains sounds not reflected in the given phonology: for instance, the modern Oklahoma use of the loanword 'automobile', with the /ɔ/ and /b/ sounds of English. Consonants As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee's phonetic inventory is small.

The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (:337). Obstruents are non-distinctively aspirated when they precede h. There is some variation in how orthographies represent these allophones. The orthography used in the table represents the aspirated allophones as th, kh, and tsh.

Another common orthography represents the unaspirated allophones as d, ɣ, and dz and the aspirated allophones as t, k, and s (:359–62). The unaspirated plosives and affricate are optionally voiced intervocally. In other dialects, the affricate is a palatal (like ch in 'church'), and a lateral affricate (like tl in 'atlas') may also be present.

North Carolina Cherokee consonants t k ʔ ts s h m n l j ɰ Vowels There are six short vowels and six long vowels in the Cherokee inventory. As with all Iroquoian languages, this includes a nasalized vowel (:337). In the case of Cherokee, the nasalized vowel is a, which most orthographies represent as v and is pronounced ə as 'e' in unstressed 'banker'. Since it is nasal, it sounds rather like un. Other vowels, when ending a word, are often also nasalized. Vowels can be short or long.

I iː u uː e eː ə̃ ə̃ː o oː a aː Diphthongs Cherokee has only one diphthong native to the language:. Heraeus heracell co2 incubator manual. ai /ai/ Tone Oklahoma Cherokee is a – language with six, two of which are level (low, high) and the other four of which are contour (rising, falling, highfall, lowfall).

While the tonal system is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas, it remains important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, especially older, speakers. Tone is poorly documented in North Carolina Cherokee.

The syllabary, moreover, does not display tone, and real meaning discrepancies are rare within the native-language Cherokee-speaking community. The same goes for transliterated Cherokee ('osiyo', 'dohitsu', etc.), which is rarely written with any tone markers, except in dictionaries. Native speakers can tell the difference between written tone-distinguished words by context.

Tone inventory The tone name in the left-hand column displays the labels most recently used in studies of the language. The second represents the tone in standardized. Tone Name IPA Low ˨ High ˦ Rising ˨˦ Falling ˥˩ Highfall ˥˧ Lowfall ˧˩ Tone environments The high and low tones can appear on both long and short vowels in Cherokee, and remain at the same pitch throughout the duration of the vowel sound. Contour tones in Cherokee appear only in underlying long vowels. At the ends of words in colloquial speech, there is a tendency to drop off a long vowel into a short vowel; this results in the highfall tone being produced as a high tone in faster speech. Highfall Highfall has a unique grammatical usage, primarily appearing with adjectives and adverbials along with most nouns derived from verbs.

It only appears in verbs subordinate to another element of the sentence. When a highfall appears on a verb it changes the verb's role in the sentence, typically to one of four main categories: agentive derivation, modal, object derivation, or subordination. Grammar Cherokee, like many Native American languages, is, meaning that many may be linked together to form a single word, which may be of great length. Cherokee, the most important word type, must contain as a minimum a, a verb root, an suffix, and a modal suffix. For example, the verb form ge:ga, 'I am going,' has each of these elements: Verb form ge:ga g- e: -g -a PRONOMINAL PREFIX VERB ROOT 'to go' ASPECT SUFFIX MODAL SUFFIX The pronominal prefix is g-, which indicates first person singular. The verb root is -e, 'to go.' The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the present-tense stem is -g.

The present-tense modal suffix for regular verbs in Cherokee is -a. Cherokee has 17 verb tenses and 10 persons.

The following is a conjugation in the present tense of the verb to go. Please note that there is no distinction between dual and plural in the 3rd person. Full conjugation of Root Verb -e- going Singular Dual incl. 1st ᎨᎦ gega I'm going ᎢᏁᎦ inega We're going (you + I) ᎣᏍᏕᎦ osdega We two are going (not you) ᎢᏕᎦ idega We're all going (3+, including you) ᎣᏤᎦ otsega We're all going (3+, not you) 2nd ᎮᎦ hega You're going ᏍᏕᎦ sdega You two are going ᎢᏤᎦ itsega You're all going 3rd ᎡᎦ ega She/he/it's going ᎠᏁᎦ anega They are going The translation uses the present progressive ('at this time I am going'). Cherokee differentiates between progressive ('I am going') and habitual ('I go') more than English does.

The forms ᎨᎪᎢ, ᎮᎪᎢ, ᎡᎪᎢ gegoi, hegoi, egoi represent 'I often/usually go', 'you often/usually go', and 'she/he/it often/usually goes', respectively. Verbs can also have prepronominal prefixes, reflexive prefixes, and derivative suffixes. Given all possible combinations of affixes, each regular verb can have 21,262 inflected forms. Cherokee does not make gender distinctions. For example, ᎦᏬᏂᎭ gawoniha can mean either 'she is speaking' or 'he is speaking.' Pronouns and pronominal prefixes Like many Native American languages, Cherokee has many pronominal prefixes that can index both subject and object.

Pronominal prefixes always appear on verbs and can also appear on adjectives and nouns. There are two separate words which function as pronouns: aya 'I, me' and nihi 'you'.

Table of Cherokee first person pronominal prefixes Number Set I Set II Singular ji-, g- agi-, agw- Dual inclusive ini-, in- gini-, gin- Dual exclusive osdi-, osd- ogini-, ogin- Plural inclusive idi-, id- igi-, ig- Plural exclusive oji-, oj- ogi-, og- Shape classifiers in verbs Some Cherokee verbs require special classifiers which denote a physical property of the direct object. Only around 20 common verbs require one of these classifiers (such as the equivalents of 'pick up', 'put down', 'remove', 'wash', 'hide', 'eat', 'drag', 'have', 'hold', 'put in water', 'put in fire', 'hang up', 'be placed', 'pull along'). The classifiers can be grouped into five categories:.

Live. Flexible (most common). Long (narrow, not flexible). Indefinite (solid, heavy relative to size), also used as default category. Liquid (or container of) Example: Conjugation of 'Hand him.'

Classifier Type Cherokee Transliteration Translation Live ᎯᎧᏏ hikasi Hand him (something living) Flexible ᎯᏅᏏ hinvsi Hand him (something like clothes, rope) Long, Indefinite ᎯᏗᏏ hidisi Hand him (something like a broom, pencil) Indefinite ᎯᎥᏏ hivsi Hand him (something like food, book) Liquid ᎯᏁᎥᏏ hinevsi Hand him (something like water) There have been reports that the youngest speakers of Cherokee are using only the indefinite forms, suggesting a decline in usage or full acquisition of the system of shape classification. Cherokee is the only Iroquoian language with this type of classificatory verb system, leading linguists to reanalyze it as a potential remnant of a noun incorporation system in Proto-Iroquoian. However, given the non-productive nature of noun incorporation in Cherokee, other linguists have suggested that classificatory verbs are the product of historical contact between Cherokee and non-Iroquoian languages, and instead that the noun incorporation system in Northern Iroquoian languages developed later. Word order Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order. Negative sentences have a different word order. Adjectives come before nouns, as in English.

Demonstratives, such as ᎾᏍᎩ nasgi ('that') or ᎯᎠ hia ('this'), come at the beginning of noun phrases. Relative clauses follow noun phrases. Adverbs precede the verbs that they are modifying. For example, 'she's speaking loudly' is ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ asdaya gawoniha (literally, 'loud she's-speaking'). A Cherokee sentence may not have a verb as when two noun phrases form a sentence. In such a case, word order is flexible.

For example, Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᏙᏓ na asgaya agidoda ('that man is my father'). A noun phrase might be followed by an adjective, such as in ᎠᎩᏙᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ agidoga utana ('my father is big'). Orthography.

Inventor of the Cherokee syllabary Cherokee is written in an 85-character invented by (also known as Guest or George Gist). Many of the letters resemble the letters they derive from, but have completely unrelated sound values; Sequoyah had seen English, and writing but did not know how to read them. Two other scripts used to write Cherokee are a simple Latin and a more precise system with. Description Each of the characters represents one syllable, as in the and the Greek writing systems.

The first six characters represent isolated syllables. Characters for combined consonant and vowel syllables then follow. It is recited from left to right, top to bottom. The charts below show the syllabary as arranged by along with his commonly used transliterations.

He played a key role in the development of from 1828 until his death in 1859. Notes:. In the chart, ‘v’ represents a, /ə̃/.

The character Ꮩ do is shown upside-down in some fonts. It should be oriented in the same way as the Latin letter V. Ꭰ a Ꭱ e Ꭲ i Ꭳ o Ꭴ u Ꭵ v Ꭶ ga Ꭷ ka Ꭸ ge Ꭹ gi Ꭺ go Ꭻ gu Ꭼ gv Ꭽ ha Ꭾ he Ꭿ hi Ꮀ ho Ꮁ hu Ꮂ hv Ꮃ la Ꮄ le Ꮅ li Ꮆ lo Ꮇ lu Ꮈ lv Ꮉ ma Ꮊ me Ꮋ mi Ꮌ mo Ꮍ mu Ꮎ na Ꮏ hna Ꮐ nah Ꮑ ne Ꮒ ni Ꮓ no Ꮔ nu Ꮕ nv Ꮖ qua Ꮗ que Ꮘ qui Ꮙ quo Ꮚ quu Ꮛ quv Ꮝ s Ꮜ sa Ꮞ se Ꮟ si Ꮠ so Ꮡ su Ꮢ sv Ꮣ da Ꮤ ta Ꮥ de Ꮦ te Ꮧ di Ꮨ ti Ꮩ do Ꮪ du Ꮫ dv Ꮬ dla Ꮭ tla Ꮮ tle Ꮯ tli Ꮰ tlo Ꮱ tlu Ꮲ tlv Ꮳ tsa Ꮴ tse Ꮵ tsi Ꮶ tso Ꮷ tsu Ꮸ tsv Ꮹ wa Ꮺ we Ꮻ wi Ꮼ wo Ꮽ wu Ꮾ wv Ꮿ ya Ᏸ ye Ᏹ yi Ᏺ yo Ᏻ yu Ᏼ yv The phonetic values of these characters do not equate directly to those represented by the letters of the Latin script. Some characters represent two distinct phonetic values (actually heard as different syllables), while others often represent different forms of the same syllable. Not all distinctions of the spoken language are represented. For example, while /d/ + vowel syllables are mostly differentiated from /t/+vowel by use of different graphs, syllables beginning with /g/ are all conflated with those beginning with /k/.

Also, long vowels are not ordinarily distinguished from short vowels, tones are not marked, and there is no regular rule for representing consonant clusters. However, in more recent technical literature, length of vowels can actually be indicated using a colon, and other disambiguation methods for consonants (somewhat like the ) have been suggested. Six distinctive vowel qualities are represented in the Cherokee syllabary based on where they are pronounced in the mouth, including the high vowels i and u, mid vowels e, v, and o, and low vowel a. The syllabary also does not distinguish among syllables that end in vowels, h, or glottal stop.

For example, the single symbol, Ꮡ, is used to represent both su as in su:dali, meaning six (ᏑᏓᎵ), and suh as in suhdi, meaning 'fishhook' (ᏑᏗ). Therefore, there is no differentiation among the symbols used for syllables ending in a single vowel versus that vowel plus 'h.' When consonants other than s, h, or glottal stop arise with other consonants in clusters, the appropriate consonant plus a 'dummy vowel' is used. This dummy vowel is not pronounced and is either chosen arbitrarily or for etymological reasons (reflecting an underlying etymological vowel). For example, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (tsu-na-s-di) represents the word ju:nsdi, meaning 'small.' Ns in this case is the consonant cluster that requires the following dummy vowel, a. Ns is written as ᎾᏍ /nas/.

The vowel is included in the transliteration, but is not pronounced in the word ( ju:nsdi). (The transliterated ts represents the affricate j, as in other due to etymological reasons, cf. The letter ). As with some other writing systems (like ), adult speakers can distinguish words by context. Transliteration issues Some Cherokee words pose a problem for transliteration software because they contain adjacent pairs of single letter symbols that (without special provisions) would be combined when doing the back conversion from Latin script to Cherokee.

Here are a few examples:. ᎢᏣᎵᏍᎠᏁᏗ = itsalisanedi = i-tsa-li-s-a-ne-di. ᎤᎵᎩᏳᏍᎠᏅᏁ = uligiyusanvne = u-li-gi-yu-s-a-nv-ne. ᎤᏂᏰᏍᎢᏱ = uniyesiyi = u-ni-ye-s-i-yi. ᎾᏍᎢᏯ = nasiya = na-s-i-ya For these examples, the back conversion is likely to join s-a as sa or s-i as si. Transliterations sometimes insert an apostrophe to prevent this, producing itsalis'anedi (cf. Other Cherokee words contain character pairs that entail overlapping transliteration sequences.

Examples:. ᏀᎾ transliterates as nahna, yet so does ᎾᎿ. The former is nah-na, the latter is na-hna. If the Latin script is parsed from left to right, longest match first, then without special provisions, the back conversion would be wrong for the latter.

There are several similar examples involving these character combinations: naha nahe nahi naho nahu nahv. A further problem encountered in transliterating Cherokee is that there are some pairs of different Cherokee words that transliterate to the same word in the Latin script.

Here are some examples:. ᎠᏍᎡᏃ and ᎠᏎᏃ both transliterate to aseno. ᎨᏍᎥᎢ and ᎨᏒᎢ both transliterate to gesvi Without special provision, a round trip conversion changes ᎠᏍᎡᏃ to ᎠᏎᏃ and changes ᎨᏍᎥᎢ to ᎨᏒᎢ. Unicode Cherokee was added to the Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Main articles: and The main Unicode block for Cherokee is U+13A0–U+13FF. It contains the script's upper-case syllables as well as six lower-case syllables.

(PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+13Ax Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭵ Ꭶ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭼ Ꭽ Ꭾ Ꭿ U+13Bx Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮂ Ꮃ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮈ Ꮉ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮎ Ꮏ U+13Cx Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮕ Ꮖ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮛ Ꮜ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ U+13Dx Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮢ Ꮣ Ꮤ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮫ Ꮬ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ U+13Ex Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮲ Ꮳ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮸ Ꮹ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ꮾ Ꮿ U+13Fx Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ Ᏼ Ᏽ ᏸ ᏹ ᏺ ᏻ ᏼ ᏽ Notes 1. As of Unicode version 11.0 2. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points The rest of the lower-case syllables are encoded at U+AB70–ABBF. (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+AB7x ꭰ ꭱ ꭲ ꭳ ꭴ ꭵ ꭶ ꭷ ꭸ ꭹ ꭺ ꭻ ꭼ ꭽ ꭾ ꭿ U+AB8x ꮀ ꮁ ꮂ ꮃ ꮄ ꮅ ꮆ ꮇ ꮈ ꮉ ꮊ ꮋ ꮌ ꮍ ꮎ ꮏ U+AB9x ꮐ ꮑ ꮒ ꮓ ꮔ ꮕ ꮖ ꮗ ꮘ ꮙ ꮚ ꮛ ꮜ ꮝ ꮞ ꮟ U+ABAx ꮠ ꮡ ꮢ ꮣ ꮤ ꮥ ꮦ ꮧ ꮨ ꮩ ꮪ ꮫ ꮬ ꮭ ꮮ ꮯ U+ABBx ꮰ ꮱ ꮲ ꮳ ꮴ ꮵ ꮶ ꮷ ꮸ ꮹ ꮺ ꮻ ꮼ ꮽ ꮾ ꮿ Notes 1. As of Unicode version 11.0 Fonts and digital platform support A single Cherokee Unicode font, Plantagenet Cherokee, is supplied with, version 10.3 (Panther) and later. Also includes a Cherokee font. Several free Cherokee fonts are available including Digohweli, Donisiladv, and.

Some pan-Unicode fonts, such as, and, include Cherokee characters. A commercial font, Phoreus Cherokee, published by TypeCulture, includes multiple weights and styles. The Cherokee Nation Language Technology Program supports 'innovative solutions for the Cherokee language on all digital platforms including smartphones, laptops, desktops, tablets and social networks.'

Vocabulary. Cherokee traffic sign in, reading 'tla adi yigi', meaning 'no parking' from 'tla' meaning 'no' Numbers Cherokee uses (0–9).

The Cherokee council voted not to adopt Sequoyah's numbering system. Sequoyah created individual symbols for 1–20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 as well as a symbol for three zeros for numbers in the thousands, and a symbol for six zeros for numbers in the millions.

These last two symbols, representing ',000' and ',000,000', are made up of two separate symbols each. They have a symbol in common, which could be used as a zero in itself. The PDF Unicode chart shows the new-form of the letter do. Bibliography. Feeling, Durbin. Cherokee-English Dictionary: Tsalagi-Yonega Didehlogwasdohdi. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Nation, 1975.

Feeling, Durbin, Jordan Lachler, and Charles van Tuyl. A Handbook of the Cherokee Verb: A Preliminary Study. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee Heritage Center, 2003. Holmes, Ruth Bradley, and Betty Sharp Smith.

Beginning Cherokee: Talisgo Galiquogi Dideliquasdodi Tsalagi Digohweli. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 30, 2008). Robinson, Prentice.

Conjugation Made Easy: Cherokee Verb Study. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Cherokee Language and Culture, 2004. Scancarelli, Janine (2005). In Janine Scancarelli and Heather K. Hardy (eds.).

Native Languages of the Southeastern United States. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Concerning the syllabary. Bender, Margaret. Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Bender, Margaret (2008). 'Indexicality, voice, and context in the distribution of Cherokee scripts'. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 192 (192): 91–104.

Daniels, Peter T (1996), The World's Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 587–92. Foley, Lawrence (1980), Phonological Variation in Western Cherokee, New York: Garland Publishing. Kilpatrick, Jack F; Kilpatrick, Anna Gritts, New Echota Letters, Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Scancarelli, Janine (2005), 'Cherokee', in Hardy, Heather K; Scancarelli, Janine, Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, Bloomington: Nebraska Press, pp. 351–84.; Hair, PEH (2002), 'Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script', History in Africa, 29: 427–86,:,.

Sturtevant, William C (general); Fogelson (volume), Raymond D, eds. (2004), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, 14, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution,. Walker, Willard; Sarbaugh, James (1993), 'The Early History of the Cherokee Syllabary', Ethnohistory, 40 (1): 70–94,:. Further reading. Bruchac, Joseph.

Aniyunwiya/Real Human Beings: An Anthology of Contemporary Cherokee Prose. Greenfield Center, N.Y.: Greenfield Review Press, 1995. Cook, William Hinton (1979). A Grammar of North Carolina Cherokee. Diss., Yale University.

King, Duane H. A Grammar and Dictionary of the Cherokee Language. Diss., University of Georgia. Lounsbury, Floyd G. 'Iroquoian Languages'. Trigger (ed.).

Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Montgomery-Anderson, Brad (May 30, 2008). Munro, Pamela (ed.) (1996). Cherokee Papers from UCLA. UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics, no.

Final Exam Study Guide Answers History

Pulte, William, and Durbin Feeling. In: Garry, Jane, and Carl Rubino (eds.) Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages: Past and Present. (Viewed at the ). Scancarelli, Janine (1987). Grammatical Relations and Verb Agreement in Cherokee.

World History Final Study Guide Quizlet

Diss., University of California, Los Angeles. Scancarelli, Janine.

A&p Final Exam Study Guide

'Cherokee Writing.' The World's Writing Systems. 1998: Section 53. External links of, the free encyclopedia Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Of, the free library Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Wikimedia Commons has media related to. – online conversion tool. Language archives, texts, audio, video., bilingual newspaper in Cherokee and English., from.

Online translation of the New Testament. Currently the largest Cherokee document on the internet.

Archived from on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2013-05-20., from the Language lessons and online instruction. from the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. (Beginning dialogues, audio, flashcards and grammar from culturev.com). (Some based on culturev.com). has free lessons via their website or app., from., additional materials.

(Hosts Creative Commons licensed materials including a textbook covering grammar and many hours of challenge/response based audio lesson files)., Cherokee Nation.